Ua tsaug rau koj tuaj xyuas Nature.com.Koj siv lub browser version nrog kev txhawb nqa CSS tsawg.Rau qhov kev paub zoo tshaj plaws, peb xav kom koj siv qhov browser tshiab (lossis lov tes taw Compatibility Hom hauv Internet Explorer).Tsis tas li ntawd, txhawm rau xyuas kom muaj kev txhawb nqa tsis tu ncua, peb qhia lub vev xaib tsis muaj qauv thiab JavaScript.
Sliders qhia peb kab lus rau ib tus swb.Siv cov nyees khawm rov qab thiab tom ntej kom txav mus los ntawm cov slides, lossis cov khawm tswj swb thaum kawg kom txav mus los ntawm txhua tus swb.
Raws li kev sib tshuam kev sib tshuam ntawm physics thiab life sciences, diagnostic and therapeutic strategies raws li precision tshuaj tsis ntev los no tau txais kev xav ntau heev vim hais tias cov tswv yim siv ntawm cov tshiab engineering txoj kev nyob rau hauv ntau yam tshuaj, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv oncology.Nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum no, kev siv ultrasound los tua cov qog nqaij hlav qog nqaij hlav hauv cov qog nqaij hlav txhawm rau ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj rau ntau yam nplai yog qhov nyiam los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb thoob ntiaj teb.Ua raws li cov txheej txheem no rau hauv tus account, raws li cov kev daws teeb meem elastodynamic sij hawm thiab cov lej simulations, peb nthuav qhia kev kawm ua ntej ntawm lub computer simulation ntawm ultrasound propagation nyob rau hauv cov ntaub so ntswg nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav xaiv haum frequencies thiab powers los ntawm lub zos irradiation.Tshiab diagnostic platform rau lub Laboratory On-Fiber technology, hu ua lub tsev kho mob koob thiab twb patented.Nws ntseeg tau tias cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev tshuaj xyuas thiab cov kev paub txog biophysical cuam tshuam tuaj yeem ua rau txoj hauv kev tshiab rau kev kuaj mob thiab kho cov txheej txheem uas tuaj yeem ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev siv cov tshuaj precision yav tom ntej, kos duab los ntawm thaj chaw physics.Kev loj hlob sib koom ua ke ntawm biology yog pib.
Nrog rau kev ua kom zoo ntawm ntau qhov kev siv tshuaj kho mob, qhov xav tau los txo cov kev mob tshwm sim ntawm cov neeg mob maj mam pib tshwm sim.Txog rau qhov kawg no, precision tshuaj 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 tau dhau los ua lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb los txo cov koob tshuaj xa mus rau cov neeg mob, qhov tseem ceeb ua raws li ob txoj hauv kev tseem ceeb.Thawj yog raws li kev kho mob tsim raws li tus neeg mob lub genomic profile.Qhov thib ob, uas tau dhau los ua tus qauv kub hauv oncology, lub hom phiaj kom tsis txhob muaj cov txheej txheem kev xa tshuaj los ntawm kev sim tso cov tshuaj me me, thaum tib lub sijhawm nce qhov tseeb los ntawm kev siv tshuaj hauv zos.Lub hom phiaj kawg yog kom tshem tawm lossis tsawg kawg txo qhov tsis zoo ntawm ntau txoj hauv kev kho mob, xws li kev kho tshuaj khomob lossis kev tswj hwm ntawm radionuclides.Nyob ntawm seb hom mob qog noj ntshav, qhov chaw, koob tshuaj hluav taws xob, thiab lwm yam, txawm tias kev kho hluav taws xob tuaj yeem muaj feem cuam tshuam rau cov ntaub so ntswg noj qab haus huv.Hauv kev kho mob ntawm glioblastoma6,7,8,9 kev phais kom zoo tshem tawm cov qog nqaij hlav hauv qab, tab sis txawm tias tsis muaj metastases, ntau cov qog nqaij hlav me me tuaj yeem tshwm sim.Yog tias lawv tsis raug tshem tawm tag nrho, cov qog nqaij hlav cancer tshiab tuaj yeem loj hlob nyob rau lub sijhawm luv luv.Nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus no, cov lus hais saum toj no precision tshuaj tswv yim yog nyuaj rau siv vim hais tias cov infiltrates yog ib qho nyuaj rau ntes thiab kis mus rau ib tug loj cheeb tsam.Cov teeb meem no tiv thaiv cov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb hauv kev tiv thaiv kev rov tshwm sim nrog cov tshuaj precision, yog li cov txheej txheem kev xa khoom yog nyiam nyob rau qee kis, txawm hais tias cov tshuaj siv tuaj yeem muaj cov tshuaj toxicity siab heev.Txhawm rau kov yeej qhov teeb meem no, txoj hauv kev kho kom zoo tshaj plaws yuav yog siv cov tswv yim tawm tsam me me uas tuaj yeem xaiv cov kab mob qog noj ntshav yam tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam rau cov nqaij mos noj qab haus huv.Nyob rau hauv lub teeb ntawm qhov kev sib cav no, kev siv ultrasonic vibrations, uas tau pom tias muaj kev cuam tshuam rau cov qog nqaij hlav cancer thiab noj qab haus huv sib txawv, ob qho tib si hauv unicellular systems thiab hauv mesoscale heterogeneous pawg, zoo li ib qho kev daws teeb meem.
Los ntawm kev xav txog kev siv tshuab, cov hlwb noj qab haus huv thiab mob qog noj ntshav yeej muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm ntuj resonant zaus.Cov cuab yeej no cuam tshuam nrog kev hloov pauv ntawm oncogenic hauv cov khoom siv kho tshuab ntawm cov qauv cytoskeletal ntawm cov qog nqaij hlav cancer12,13, thaum cov qog hlwb, qhov nruab nrab, ntau deformable dua li cov hlwb ib txwm muaj.Yog li, nrog rau qhov kev xaiv zoo tshaj plaws ntawm ultrasound zaus rau stimulation, vibrations induced nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam xaiv yuav ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj rau cov kab mob qog noj ntshav, txo qhov cuam tshuam rau kev noj qab haus huv ntawm tus tswv tsev.Cov no tseem tsis tau nkag siab tag nrho tej zaum yuav muaj xws li kev puas tsuaj ntawm qee yam ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm tes vim muaj kev vibrations ntau zaus los ntawm ultrasound (raws li txoj cai zoo ib yam li lithotripsy14) thiab cellular puas vim muaj qhov tshwm sim zoo ib yam li cov neeg kho tshuab qaug zog, uas nyob rau hauv lem tuaj yeem hloov cellular qauv. .programming thiab mechanobiology.Txawm hais tias qhov kev daws teeb meem no zoo li tsim nyog, hmoov tsis zoo, nws tsis tuaj yeem siv rau hauv cov xwm txheej uas cov txheej txheem anechoic lom tiv thaiv kev siv ncaj qha ntawm ultrasound, piv txwv li, hauv cov ntawv thov intracranial vim muaj cov pob txha, thiab qee cov qog mis nyob hauv adipose. ntaub so ntswg.Attenuation tuaj yeem txwv qhov chaw ntawm qhov muaj peev xwm kho tau.Yuav kom kov yeej cov teeb meem no, ultrasound yuav tsum tau siv rau hauv zos nrog tshwj xeeb tsim transducers uas tuaj yeem ncav cuag qhov chaw irradiated tsawg dua li qhov ua tau.Nrog rau qhov no hauv siab, peb tau txiav txim siab txog qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm kev siv cov tswv yim hais txog qhov muaj peev xwm tsim tau lub tshuab thev naus laus zis tshiab hu ua "needle tsev kho mob" 15.Lub tswv yim "Tsev Kho Mob hauv Koob" suav nrog kev txhim kho cov cuab yeej kho mob tsawg kawg nkaus rau kev kuaj mob thiab kev siv tshuaj kho mob, raws li kev sib xyaw ntawm ntau yam haujlwm hauv ib rab koob kho mob.Raws li tau tham txog ntau yam hauv Tsev Kho Mob Needle seem, cov cuab yeej siv no feem ntau yog ua raws li qhov zoo ntawm 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 fiber optic probes, uas, vim lawv cov yam ntxwv, tsim nyog rau kev nkag mus rau hauv tus qauv 20. koob kho mob, 22 lumen.Siv cov kev hloov pauv tau los ntawm Lab-on-Fiber (LOF) 23 thev naus laus zis, fiber ntau tau dhau los ua lub platform tshwj xeeb rau cov khoom siv me me thiab npaj siv rau kev kuaj mob thiab kho, suav nrog cov kua dej biopsy thiab cov ntaub so ntswg biopsy.hauv biomolecular detection24,25, light-guided local drug delivery26,27, high-precision local ultrasound imaging28, thermal therapy29,30 thiab spectroscopy-based cancer tissue identification31.Nyob rau hauv lub tswv yim no, siv ib tug localization mus kom ze raws li "koob nyob rau hauv lub tsev kho mob" ntaus ntawv, peb soj ntsuam qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm optimizing lub zos stimulation ntawm cov neeg nyob rau hauv lub lom qauv los ntawm kev siv cov propagation ntawm ultrasound nthwv dej los ntawm koob mus excite ultrasound nthwv dej nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam ntawm kev txaus siab..Yog li, kev siv tshuaj kho mob qis qis tuaj yeem siv ncaj qha mus rau thaj chaw muaj kev pheej hmoo nrog kev cuam tshuam tsawg heev rau sonicating hlwb thiab cov khoom tsim me me hauv cov ntaub so ntswg, xws li nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev phais intracranial, ib qhov me me nyob rau hauv lub pob txha taub hau yuav tsum tau muab tso nrog ib tug. koob.Kev tshoov siab los ntawm cov kev tshawb xav thiab kev sim tsis ntev los no qhia tias ultrasound tuaj yeem nres lossis ncua kev txhim kho ntawm qee yam qog nqaij hlav, 32, 33, 34 qhov kev thov tuaj yeem pab daws qhov teeb meem, yam tsawg kawg hauv txoj cai, qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev lag luam tawm ntawm kev txhoj puab heev thiab kho cov teebmeem.Nrog rau cov kev xav hauv siab, hauv daim ntawv tam sim no, peb tshawb xyuas qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm kev siv lub koob tshuaj hauv tsev kho mob rau kev kho mob qog noj ntshav tsawg tsawg rau kev mob qog noj ntshav.Ntau qhov tseeb, nyob rau hauv Kev Tshawb Fawb Kev Tshawb Fawb ntawm Cov Kab Mob Loj Loj rau Kev Ntsuas Kev Loj Hlob-Dependent Ultrasound Frequency seem, peb siv cov txheej txheem elastodynamic tsim tau zoo thiab acoustic scattering txoj kev xav los kwv yees qhov loj ntawm cov qog nqaij hlav loj hlob hauv nruab nrab elastic.txhav uas tshwm sim ntawm cov qog thiab cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm tus tswv tsev vim kev loj hlob ntawm kev hloov kho ntawm cov khoom.Tom qab piav txog peb cov kab ke, uas peb hu ua "Tsev Kho Mob hauv Lub Koob", hauv ntu "Tsev Kho Mob hauv Lub Koob", peb txheeb xyuas qhov kev nthuav tawm ntawm ultrasonic tsis dhau los ntawm cov koob kho mob ntawm qhov kev kwv yees ntau zaus thiab lawv cov lej qauv irradiates ib puag ncig los kawm. lub ntsiab geometric tsis (qhov tseeb puab txoj kab uas hla, qhov ntev thiab sharpness ntawm rab koob), cuam tshuam rau cov kis tau tus mob ntawm lub acoustic zog ntawm lub ntsuas.Muab qhov xav tau los tsim cov tswv yim tshiab engineering rau cov tshuaj precision, nws ntseeg tau tias txoj kev tshawb fawb no tuaj yeem pab tsim cov cuab yeej tshiab rau kev kho mob qog noj ntshav raws li kev siv ultrasound xa los ntawm kev sib koom ua ke theragnostic platform uas sib koom ua ke ultrasound nrog lwm cov kev daws teeb meem.Ua ke, xws li lub hom phiaj xa tshuaj thiab kev kuaj mob tiag tiag hauv ib rab koob.
Kev ua tau zoo ntawm kev muab cov tswv yim zoo rau kev kho cov qog nqaij hlav hauv zos siv ultrasonic (ultrasound) stimulation yog lub hom phiaj ntawm ntau cov ntaub ntawv hais txog ob qho tib si theoretically thiab sim nrog cov nyhuv ntawm kev siv qis qis ultrasonic vibrations ntawm ib leeg-cell systems 10, 11, 12. , , 32, 33, 34, 35, 36 Siv cov qauv viscoelastic, ntau tus kws tshawb fawb tau soj ntsuam pom tias qog nqaij hlav thiab cov hlwb noj qab haus huv nthuav tawm cov lus teb sib txawv uas muaj qhov sib txawv resonant peaks hauv Teb Chaws Asmeskas 10,11,12 ntau yam.Qhov txiaj ntsig no qhia tias, hauv txoj cai, cov qog hlwb tuaj yeem raug xaiv los ntawm cov neeg kho tshuab stimuli uas khaws cia ib puag ncig tus tswv tsev.Qhov kev coj cwj pwm no yog qhov tshwm sim ncaj qha ntawm cov pov thawj tseem ceeb uas, feem ntau, cov qog hlwb muaj ntau tshaj li cov hlwb noj qab haus huv, muaj peev xwm txhim kho lawv lub peev xwm loj hlob thiab tsiv teb tsaws 37,38,39,40.Raws li cov txiaj ntsig tau txais nrog tib lub xov tooj ntawm tes qauv, piv txwv li ntawm microscale, kev xaiv ntawm cov qog nqaij hlav cancer kuj tau tshwm sim ntawm mesoscale los ntawm kev tshawb fawb txog zauv ntawm cov lus teb sib haum xeeb ntawm heterogeneous cell aggregates.Muab qhov feem pua ​​​​ntawm cov qog nqaij hlav qog noj ntshav thiab cov hlwb noj qab haus huv, cov cellular aggregates pua pua ntawm micrometers loj tau tsim hierarchically.Nyob rau hauv mesolevel ntawm cov aggregates no, qee qhov microscopic nta ntawm kev txaus siab tau khaws cia vim qhov kev siv ncaj qha ntawm lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb uas ua rau tus cwj pwm ntawm tib lub hlwb.Tshwj xeeb, txhua lub xov tooj ntawm tes siv cov qauv tensegrity-raws li kev ua raws li cov lus teb ntawm ntau cov txheej txheem cytoskeletal prestressed, yog li cuam tshuam rau lawv tag nrho cov tawv nqaij12,13.Kev kwv yees kwv yees thiab kev sim hauv vitro ntawm cov ntaub ntawv saum toj no tau muab cov txiaj ntsig txhawb nqa, qhia tias yuav tsum tau kawm qhov rhiab heev ntawm cov qog nqaij hlav mus rau qhov siv tshuaj qis qis qis (LITUS), thiab kev ntsuas qhov zaus ntawm irradiation ntawm cov qog nqaij hlav yog qhov tseem ceeb.txoj hauj lwm LITUS rau ntawm qhov chaw thov.
Txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau theem ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg, cov lus piav qhia submacroscopic ntawm tus neeg tivthaiv yog inevitably ploj mus, thiab cov khoom ntawm cov qog nqaij hlav tuaj yeem taug qab siv cov txheej txheem ua ntu zus los taug qab cov txheej txheem loj hlob thiab kev ntxhov siab vim yog kev hloov kho, suav nrog cov teebmeem macroscopic. kev loj hlob.-induced hloov hauv cov ntaub so ntswg elasticity ntawm qhov ntsuas ntawm 41.42.Tseeb, tsis zoo li unicellular thiab aggregate systems, cov qog nqaij hlav loj hlob nyob rau hauv cov ntaub so ntswg mos vim qhov tsub zuj zuj ntawm aberrant residual stresses, uas hloov lub natural mechanical zog vim qhov nce nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov intratumoral rigidity, thiab qog sclerosis feem ntau yog ib qho kev txiav txim siab nyob rau hauv. kuaj mob qog.
Nrog rau cov kev xav hauv siab, ntawm no peb txheeb xyuas cov lus teb sonodynamic ntawm cov qog spheroids qauv raws li elastic spherical inclusions loj hlob hauv ib puag ncig cov ntaub so ntswg.Ntau qhov tseeb, cov khoom elastic cuam tshuam nrog rau theem ntawm cov qog tau txiav txim siab raws li kev xav thiab kev sim tau los ntawm qee tus kws sau ntawv hauv kev ua haujlwm dhau los.Ntawm lawv, evolution ntawm cov qog nqaij hlav spheroids loj hlob nyob rau hauv vivo nyob rau hauv heterogeneous xov xwm tau kawm los ntawm kev siv cov non-linear mechanical qauv 41,43,44 nyob rau hauv ua ke nrog interspecies dynamics los kwv yees kev loj hlob ntawm qog loj hlob thiab txuam intratumoral kev nyuaj siab.Raws li tau hais los saum no, kev loj hlob (piv txwv li, inelastic prestretching) thiab cov kev ntxhov siab seem ua rau kev txhim kho ntawm cov khoom ntawm cov qog nqaij hlav, yog li hloov nws cov lus teb acoustic.Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom nco ntsoov tias nyob rau hauv ref.41 kev sib koom ua ke ntawm kev loj hlob thiab kev ntxhov siab hauv cov qog nqaij hlav tau tshwm sim hauv kev sim kev sib tw hauv cov qauv tsiaj.Hauv particular, kev sib piv ntawm qhov tawv nqaij ntawm cov qog ntawm lub mis resected ntawm cov theem sib txawv nrog cov tawv nqaij tau los ntawm kev tsim cov xwm txheej zoo sib xws hauv silico ntawm tus kheej kheej finite element qauv nrog tib qhov ntev thiab coj mus rau hauv tus account qhov kwv yees residual stress field tau lees paub txoj kev npaj ntawm qauv siv tau..Hauv kev ua haujlwm no, yav dhau los tau txais theoretical thiab kev sim cov txiaj ntsig tau raug siv los tsim cov tswv yim kho mob tshiab.Hauv particular, kwv yees qhov ntau thiab tsawg nrog cov evolutionary resistance zog tau xam ntawm no, uas yog li siv los kwv yees qhov ntau zaus uas cov qog nqaij hlav hauv lub tsev ib puag ncig zoo dua.Txog rau qhov kawg no, peb tau tshawb xyuas tus cwj pwm zoo ntawm cov qog loj ntawm cov theem sib txawv, coj mus rau theem sib txawv, coj mus rau hauv tus account acoustic indicators, As raws li feem ntau lees txais txoj cai ntawm tawg nyob rau hauv teb rau ultrasonic stimuli thiab highlighting tau resonant phenomena ntawm lub spheroid. .nyob ntawm cov qog thiab tus tswv Kev Loj Hlob-nyob ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov tawv nqaij ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg.
Yog li, cov qog nqaij hlav qog tau ua qauv ua qauv ntawm lub vojvoog ntawm lub vojvoog \(a\) nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig elastic ib puag ncig ntawm tus tswv tsev raws li cov ntaub ntawv sim qhia seb cov kab mob loj npaum li cas loj hlob hauv qhov chaw nyob hauv cov duab kheej kheej.Xa mus rau daim duab 1, siv tus kheej kheej kheej kheej (\{r,\theta ,\varphi \}\) (qhov twg \(\theta\) thiab \(\varphi\) sawv cev rau lub anomaly lub kaum sab xis thiab azimuth kaum feem), qog domain occupies Region embedded in healthy space \({\mathcal {V}}_{T}=\{(r,\theta ,\varphi ):r\le a\}\) unbounded region \({\mathcal { V} }_{H} = \{ (r,\theta,\varphi):r > a\}\).Xa mus rau Cov Ntaub Ntawv Ntxiv (SI) rau cov lus piav qhia ua tiav ntawm tus qauv lej raws li qhov tsim tau zoo elastodynamic hauv paus qhia nyob rau hauv ntau cov ntaub ntawv 45,46,47,48, peb xav txog ntawm no yog ib qho teeb meem tshwm sim los ntawm hom axisymmetric oscillation.Qhov kev xav no txhais tau hais tias txhua qhov sib txawv hauv cov qog thiab cov chaw noj qab haus huv yog ywj pheej ntawm azimuthal coordinate \(\varphi\) thiab tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam tshwm sim hauv qhov kev taw qhia no.Yog li ntawd, qhov chaw khiav tawm thiab kev ntxhov siab tuaj yeem tau txais los ntawm ob lub peev xwm scalar \(\phi = \hat{\phi}\left( {r,\theta} \right)e^{{ - i \omega {\kern 1pt } t }}\) and \(\chi = \hat{\chi }\left( {r,\theta } \right)e^{{-i\omega {\kern 1pt} t }}\), lawv Feem ntau cuam tshuam nrog cov nthwv dej ntev thiab lub nthwv dej shear, lub sijhawm coincidence t nruab nrab ntawm qhov nce siab \(\theta \) thiab lub kaum sab xis ntawm qhov kev taw qhia ntawm qhov xwm txheej nthwv dej thiab txoj hauj lwm vector \(\mathbf {x))\) ( raws li qhia hauv daim duab 1) thiab \(\omega = 2\pi f\) sawv cev rau qhov angular zaus.Tshwj xeeb, qhov xwm txheej yog ua qauv los ntawm lub dav hlau nthwv dej \(\phi_{H}^{(in)}\) (tseem qhia hauv SI system, hauv kab zauv (A.9)) propagating rau hauv lub ntim ntawm lub cev. raws li txoj cai qhia
qhov twg \(\phi_{0}\) yog qhov amplitude parameter.Kev nthuav dav spherical ntawm qhov xwm txheej dav hlau nthwv dej (1) siv lub voj voos kheej kheej yog cov qauv sib cav:
Qhov twg \(j_{n}\) yog spherical Bessel ua haujlwm ntawm thawj hom kev txiav txim \(n\), thiab \(P_{n}\) yog Legendre polynomial.Ib feem ntawm qhov xwm txheej nthwv dej ntawm cov peev txheej yog tawg nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig nruab nrab thiab sib tshooj ntawm qhov xwm txheej, thaum lwm qhov yog tawg mus rau hauv tus kheej, ua rau nws qhov kev vibration.Txhawm rau ua qhov no, cov kev daws teeb meem ntawm lub yoj equation \(\nabla^{2} \hat{\phi } + k_{1}^{2} {\mkern 1mu} \hat{\phi } = 0\,\ ) and \ (\ nabla^{2} {\ mkern 1mu} \hat{\chi } + k_{2}^{2} \hat{\chi } = 0\), muab piv txwv los ntawm Eringen45 (saib SI ) tej zaum yuav qhia tau cov qog thiab cov chaw noj qab haus huv.Tshwj xeeb, tawg ntho nthuav nthwv dej thiab isovolumic nthwv dej generated nyob rau hauv lub host nruab nrab \(H\) lees lawv lub zog muaj peev xwm:
Ntawm lawv, lub ntsej muag Hankel ua haujlwm ntawm thawj hom \(h_{n}^{(1)}\) yog siv los txiav txim siab cov nthwv dej tawg, thiab \(\alpha_{n}\) thiab \(\beta_{ n}\ ) yog cov tsis paub coefficients.hauv kev sib npaug.Hauv kev sib npaug (2)–(4), cov ntsiab lus \(k_{H1}\) thiab \(k_{H2}\) qhia txog yoj tus naj npawb ntawm rarefaction thiab transverse nthwv dej nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab cheeb tsam ntawm lub cev, feem ( see SI).Compression teb nyob rau hauv lub qog thiab hloov pauv muaj daim ntawv
Qhov twg \(k_{T1}\) thiab \(k_{T2}\) sawv cev rau tus lej longitudinal thiab transverse yoj nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam qog, thiab cov coefficients tsis paub yog \(\gamma_{n} {\mkern 1mu}\), \(\eta_{n} {\mkern 1mu}\).Raws li cov txiaj ntsig no, cov khoom tsis yog xoom radial thiab ncig ncig yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm thaj chaw noj qab haus huv hauv qhov teeb meem raws li kev xav, xws li \(u_{Hr}\) thiab \(u_{H\theta}\) (\(u_{ H\varphi }\ ) the symmetry assumption is no longer need) — tau los ntawm relation \(u_{Hr} = \partial_{r} \left( \phi + \partial_{r} (r\chi ) } \right) + k_}^{2 } {\mkern 1mu} r\chi\) and \(u_{H\theta} = r^{- 1} \partial_{\theta} \left({\phi + \partial_{r } ( r\chi ) } \right)\) by forming \(\phi = \phi_{H}^{(in)} + \phi_{H}^{(s)}\) and \ (\chi = \chi_ {H}^ {(s)}\) (see SI for details mathematical derivation).Zoo sib xws, hloov \(\phi = \phi_{T}^{(s)}\) and \(\chi = \chi_{T}^{(s)}\) rov {Tr} = \partial_{r} \left( {\phi + \partial_{r} (r\chi)} \right) + k_{T2}^{2} {\mkern 1mu} r\chi\) and \(u_{T\theta} = r^{-1}\partial _{\theta }\left({\phi +\partial_{r}(r\chi )}\right)\).
(Sab laug) Geometry ntawm cov qog nqaij hlav loj hlob nyob rau hauv ib qho chaw noj qab haus huv los ntawm qhov xwm txheej tshwm sim, (txoj cai) Kev hloov pauv ntawm cov qog-host stiffness piv raws li kev ua haujlwm ntawm qog lub vojvoog, qhia cov ntaub ntawv (kho los ntawm Carotenuto li al. 41) los ntawm kev ntsuam xyuas compression vitro tau txais los ntawm cov qog nqaij hlav hauv lub mis inoculated nrog MDA-MB-231 hlwb.
Piv txwv li cov ntaub ntawv linear elastic thiab isotropic, cov khoom tsis muaj kev ntxhov siab hauv thaj chaw noj qab haus huv thiab qog nqaij hlav, xws li \(\sigma_{Hpq}\) thiab \(\sigma_{Tpq}\) - ua raws li Hooke txoj cai dav dav, muab tias muaj yog Lamé moduli , uas characterize host thiab qog elasticity, denoted as \(\{ \mu_{H},\,\lambda_{H} \}\) and \(\{ \mu_{T},\, \lambda_ {T} \ }\) (saib Equation (A.11) rau tag nrho cov lus qhia ntawm cov kev ntxhov siab uas sawv cev hauv SI).Tshwj xeeb, raws li cov ntaub ntawv hauv kev siv 41 thiab nthuav tawm hauv daim duab 1, cov qog loj hlob pom qhov hloov pauv ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg elasticity tas li.Yog li, kev hloov pauv thiab kev ntxhov siab hauv thaj chaw host thiab qog tau txiav txim siab tag nrho mus rau ib qho kev tsis paub tas li \({{ \varvec{\upxi}}}_{n} = \{ \alpha_{n} ,{\mkern 1mu } \beta_{n} {\mkern 1mu} \gamma_{n} ,\eta_{n} \}\ ) has theoretically infinite dimensions.Txhawm rau nrhiav cov coefficient vectors, cov kev sib tshuam tsim nyog thiab thaj tsam ntawm cov qog thiab cov chaw noj qab haus huv tau qhia.Piv txwv tias kev khi zoo meej ntawm lub qog-tus tswv interface \(r = a\), txuas ntxiv ntawm kev hloov pauv thiab kev ntxhov siab yuav tsum muaj cov hauv qab no:
System (7) tsim ib qho kev sib npaug nrog cov kev daws teeb meem tsis kawg.Tsis tas li ntawd, txhua tus ciam teb yuav nyob ntawm qhov tsis sib xws \(\theta\).Txhawm rau txo tus nqi ciam teb rau qhov teeb meem ua tiav algebraic nrog \(N\) cov txheej txheem kaw, txhua qhov ntawm qhov tsis paub \({{\varvec{\upxi}}}_{n} = \{ \alpha_ {n},{ \mkern 1mu} \beta_{n} {\mkern 1mu} \gamma_{n}, \eta_{n} \}_{n = 0,...,N}\) (with \( N \) rau \infty \), theoretically), thiab tshem tawm qhov kev cia siab ntawm qhov sib npaug ntawm cov ntsiab lus trigonometric, cov xwm txheej cuam tshuam tau sau rau hauv daim ntawv tsis muaj zog siv lub orthogonality ntawm Legendre polynomials.Tshwj xeeb, qhov sib npaug (7)1,2 thiab (7)3,4 raug muab faib ua \(P_{n} \left( {\cos \theta} \right)\) thiab \(P_{n}^{ 1} \left( { \cos\theta}\right)\) thiab ces integrate ntawm \(0\) thiab \(\pi\) siv lej cim:
Yog li, qhov xwm txheej ntawm qhov cuam tshuam (7) rov qab ib qho quadratic algebraic equation system, uas tuaj yeem qhia hauv daim ntawv matrix li \(\mathbb{D}}_{n} (a) \cdot {{\varvec{\upxi }} } _{n} = {\mathbf{q}}_{n} (a)\) thiab tau qhov tsis paub \({{\varvec{\upxi}}}_{n}\ ) los ntawm kev daws Cramer txoj cai .
Txhawm rau kwv yees lub zog hluav taws xob tawg los ntawm tus kheej thiab tau txais cov ntaub ntawv hais txog nws cov lus teb acoustic raws li cov ntaub ntawv ntawm qhov chaw tawg pleb propagating nyob rau hauv lub party nruab nrab, ib tug acoustic kom muaj nuj nqis yog txaus siab, uas yog ib tug normalized bistatic scattering hla ntu.Tshwj xeeb, qhov tawg ntu ntu ntu, qhia txog qhov sib piv ntawm lub zog acoustic kis los ntawm cov teeb liab tawg thiab kev faib hluav taws xob nqa los ntawm qhov xwm txheej yoj.Hauv qhov no, qhov loj ntawm cov duab muaj nuj nqi \(\left| {F_{\infty} \left(\theta \right)} \right|^{2}\) yog ib tug nquag siv kom muaj nuj nqis nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no ntawm acoustic mechanisms. embedded nyob rau hauv ib tug kua los yog khoom Scattering ntawm cov khoom nyob rau hauv cov sediment.Ntau precisely, lub amplitude ntawm cov duab muaj nuj nqi yog txhais raws li qhov sib txawv scattering cross section \(ds\) ib cheeb tsam, uas txawv los ntawm qhov ib txwm mus rau cov kev taw qhia ntawm propagation ntawm qhov teeb meem nthwv dej:
qhov twg \(f_{n}^{pp}\) thiab \(f_{n}^{ps}\) denote the modal function, uas yog hais txog qhov piv ntawm lub hwj chim ntawm lub longitudinal yoj thiab lub yoj yoj yoj txheeb ze Qhov xwm txheej P-wave hauv qhov nruab nrab tau txais, feem, tau muab nrog cov lus hauv qab no:
Ib nrab nthwv dej ua haujlwm (10) tuaj yeem kawm ntawm nws tus kheej raws li qhov kev xav ntawm resonant scattering theory (RST) 49,50,51,52, uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm cais lub hom phiaj elasticity ntawm tag nrho cov stray teb thaum kawm txawv hom.Raws li txoj kev no, lub modal daim ntawv muaj nuj nqi yuav decomposed rau hauv ib tug tag nrho ntawm ob qhov sib npaug, namely \(f_{n} = f_{n}^{(res)} + f_{n}^{(b)}\ ) muaj feem xyuam rau cov resonant thiab nonresonant keeb kwm yav dhau amplitudes, feem.Cov duab ua haujlwm ntawm hom resonant muaj feem cuam tshuam rau cov lus teb ntawm lub hom phiaj, thaum lub keeb kwm yav dhau feem ntau cuam tshuam nrog cov duab ntawm tus scatterer.Txhawm rau txheeb xyuas thawj hom qauv ntawm lub hom phiaj rau txhua hom, qhov amplitude ntawm modal resonance shape function \(\left| {f_{n}^{(res)} \left( \theta \right)} \right|\ ) yog suav tias yog ib qho nyuaj tom qab, muaj xws li impenetrable spheres nyob rau hauv ib tug elastic host cov khoom.Qhov kev xav no yog kev txhawb siab los ntawm qhov tseeb tias, feem ntau, ob qho tib si nruj thiab ceev nce nrog kev loj hlob ntawm cov qog nqaij hlav vim yog qhov seem ntawm kev ntxhov siab.Yog li, nyob rau theem loj ntawm kev loj hlob, qhov sib piv impedance \(\rho_{T} c_{1T} /\rho_{H} c_{1H}\) yuav tsum muaj ntau dua 1 rau feem ntau cov qog nqaij hlav macroscopic tsim hauv cov mos mos. cov ntaub so ntswg.Piv txwv li, Krouskop et al.53 qhia txog qhov piv ntawm cov qog nqaij hlav cancer rau ib txwm muaj li ntawm 4 rau cov ntaub so ntswg prostate, thaum tus nqi no tau nce mus rau 20 rau cov qauv ntawm lub mis.Cov kev sib raug zoo no inevitably hloov lub acoustic impedance ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg, raws li tau pom los ntawm elastography tsom xam 54,55,56, thiab tej zaum yuav muaj feem xyuam rau lub zos cov ntaub so ntswg thickening los ntawm qog hyperproliferation.Qhov sib txawv no kuj tau raug soj ntsuam nrog cov kev sim compression yooj yim ntawm cov qog nqaij hlav hauv lub mis loj hlob nyob rau theem sib txawv 32, thiab kev hloov kho ntawm cov khoom tuaj yeem ua tau zoo nrog kev kwv yees cov qauv sib txawv ntawm cov qog nqaij hlav tsis-linearly loj hlob 43,44.Cov ntaub ntawv khov kho tau txais ncaj qha ntsig txog kev hloov pauv ntawm Young's modulus ntawm cov qog nqaij hlav raws li cov qauv \(E_{T} = S\left( {1 – \nu ^{2} } \right)/a\sqrt \ varepsilon\ )(spheres with radius \(a\), stiffness \(S\) and Poisson's ratio \(\nu\) ntawm ob daim hlau rigid 57, raws li qhia hauv daim duab 1).Yog li, nws muaj peev xwm tau txais acoustic impedance ntsuas ntawm cov qog thiab tus tswv tsev ntawm ntau theem kev loj hlob.Tshwj xeeb, nyob rau hauv kev sib piv nrog rau cov modulus ntawm ib txwm cov ntaub so ntswg sib npaug zos rau 2 kPa nyob rau hauv daim duab 1, lub elastic modulus ntawm lub mis qog nyob rau hauv lub ntim ntawm txog 500 mus rau 1250 mm3 ua rau ib tug nce ntawm li 10 kPa mus rau 16 kPa, uas yog. raws li cov ntaub ntawv qhia.nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv 58, 59 nws tau pom tias qhov siab hauv cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm lub mis yog 0.25-4 kPa nrog kev ploj mus ua ntej.Kuj xav tias Poisson tus piv ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg yuav luag tsis muaj zog yog 41.60, uas txhais tau hais tias qhov ntom ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg tsis hloov pauv ntau npaum li qhov ntim nce.Hauv particular, qhov nruab nrab cov pejxeem qhov ntom ntom \(\rho = 945\,{\text{kg}}\,\text{m}}^{– 3}\)61 yog siv.Nrog rau cov kev txiav txim siab no, kev nruj tuaj yeem ua rau hom keeb kwm yav dhau los siv cov lus hauv qab no:
Qhov twg tsis paub qhov tsis tu ncua \(\widehat{{{\varvec{\upxi))))_{n} = \{\delta_{n} ,\upsilon_{n} \}\) tuaj yeem suav nrog rau qhov txuas ntxiv bias ( 7 )2,4, uas yog, los ntawm kev daws qhov system algebraic \(\widehat{{\mathbb{D}}}_{n} (a) \cdot \widehat{(\varvec{\upxi}} } } _{n } = \widehat{{\mathbf{q}}}_{n} (a)\) involving minors\(\widehat{{\mathbb{D}}}_{n} (a) = \ { { \ mathbb{D}}_{n} (a)\}_{{\{ (1,3),(1,3)\} }}\) and the corresponding simplified column vector\(\widehat { {\mathbf {q}}}_{n} (а)\). \left({res} \right)\,pp}} \left(\theta \right)} \right| = \left|{f_{n}^{pp} \left(\theta \right) - f_{ n}^{pp(b)} \left(\theta \right)} \right|\) and \( \left|{f_{n}^{{\left( {res} \right)\,ps} } \left(\theta \right)} \right|= \left|{f_{n}^{ps} \left(\theta \right) – f_{n}^{ps(b)} \left(\ theta \right)} \right|\) hais txog P-wave excitation thiab P- thiab S-wave reflection, feem.Ntxiv mus, thawj amplitude tau kwv yees li \(\theta = \pi\), thiab qhov thib ob amplitude yog kwv yees li \(\theta = \pi/4\).Los ntawm kev thauj khoom ntau yam muaj pes tsawg leeg.Daim duab 2 qhia tau hais tias cov yam ntxwv resonant ntawm cov qog spheroids txog li 15 hli nyob rau hauv txoj kab uas hla feem ntau yog concentrated nyob rau hauv lub zaus band ntawm 50-400 kHz, uas qhia tau hais tias muaj peev xwm siv tsawg zaus ultrasound induce resonant qog excitation.hlwb.Ntau ntau.Nyob rau hauv no zaus band, RST tsom xam qhia ib hom formants rau hom 1 mus rau 6, tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv daim duab 3. Ntawm no, ob qho tib si pp- thiab ps-scattered nthwv dej qhia formants ntawm thawj hom, tshwm sim ntawm tsawg zaus, uas nce los ntawm txog 20 kHz rau hom 1 txog li 60 kHz rau n = 6, uas qhia tias tsis muaj qhov sib txawv loj hauv lub vojvoog.Lub resonant muaj nuj nqi ps ces decays, thaum lub sij hawm ua ke ntawm loj amplitude pp formants muab ib lub sij hawm ntawm txog 60 kHz, qhia ib tug ntau zaus hloov nrog ntau hom.Txhua qhov kev ntsuam xyuas tau ua tiav siv Mathematica® 62 suav software.
Lub backscatter daim ntawv ua haujlwm tau txais los ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov qog mis ntawm ntau qhov sib txawv yog qhia hauv daim duab 1, qhov twg cov kab tawg ntau tshaj plaws tau hais txog kev noj mus rau hauv tus account hom superposition.
Resonances ntawm xaiv hom los ntawm \(n = 1\) rau \(n = 6\), xam raws li excitation thiab xav txog ntawm P-wave ntawm cov qog loj sib txawv (dub nkhaus ntawm \(\left | {f_{ n} ^ {{\left({res} \right)\,pp}} \left(\pi \right)} \right| f_{n }^{pp(b)} \left(\pi \right)} \right|\)) and P-wave excitation and S-wave reflection (grey curves given by modal shape function \(\left | { f_{n }^{{\left( {res} \right)\,ps}} \left( {\pi /4} \right)} \right| \left( {\pi /4} \right) – f_{n}^{ps(b)} \left( {\pi /4} \right)} \right |\)).
Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm qhov kev ntsuam xyuas ua ntej no siv cov kev nthuav dav nyob deb tuaj yeem coj cov kev xaiv ntawm cov tsav tsheb tshwj xeeb hauv cov lej simulations hauv qab no los kawm txog cov txiaj ntsig ntawm microvibration kev nyuaj siab ntawm pawg.Cov txiaj ntsig tau pom tias qhov ntsuas qhov ntsuas tau zoo tuaj yeem yog theem tshwj xeeb thaum lub sijhawm loj hlob ntawm cov qog thiab tuaj yeem txiav txim siab siv cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov qauv kev loj hlob los tsim cov tswv yim biomechanical siv hauv kev kho kab mob kom raug kwv yees kho cov ntaub so ntswg.
Kev nce qib tseem ceeb hauv nanotechnology yog tsav lub zej zog kev tshawb fawb los nrhiav cov kev daws teeb meem tshiab thiab cov hau kev los tsim cov khoom siv kho mob me me thiab tsawg tsawg rau hauv vivo daim ntawv thov.Nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus no, LOF thev naus laus zis tau qhia txog qhov muaj peev xwm zoo tshaj plaws los nthuav cov peev txheej ntawm cov khoom siv kho qhov muag, ua kom muaj kev txhim kho ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tsawg tsawg tsawg rau kev siv lub neej science21, 63, 64, 65. Lub tswv yim ntawm kev sib koom ua ke 2D thiab 3D cov ntaub ntawv. nrog rau cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg, tshuaj lom neeg, thiab kho qhov muag ntawm ob sab 25 thiab / lossis xaus 64 ntawm cov khoom siv kho qhov muag nrog kev tswj xyuas tag nrho ntawm cov nanoscale ua rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov chav kawm tshiab ntawm fiber ntau optic nanooptodes.muaj ntau yam kev kuaj mob thiab kho cov haujlwm.Interestingly, vim lawv cov geometric thiab mechanical zog (me me hla ntu, loj nam piv, yooj, tsis muaj hnyav) thiab biocompatibility ntawm cov ntaub ntawv (feem ntau yog iav los yog polymers), optical fibers yog zoo haum rau ntxig rau hauv koob thiab catheters.Daim ntawv thov kev kho mob20, paving txoj hauv kev rau lub zeem muag tshiab ntawm "lub tsev kho mob koob" (saib daim duab 4).
Qhov tseeb, vim yog cov qib kev ywj pheej tau txais los ntawm LOF thev naus laus zis, los ntawm kev siv kev sib koom ua ke ntawm micro- thiab nanostructures ua los ntawm ntau yam khoom siv hlau thiab / lossis dielectric, fiber ntau tuaj yeem ua haujlwm tau zoo rau cov ntawv thov tshwj xeeb feem ntau txhawb nqa resonant hom excitation., Lub teeb teb 21 yog qhov chaw ruaj khov.Kev ntim ntawm lub teeb rau ntawm qhov ntsuas subwavelength, feem ntau ua ke nrog cov tshuaj lom neeg thiab / lossis cov khoom siv roj ntsha63 thiab kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov ntaub ntawv rhiab xws li cov ntse polymers65,66 tuaj yeem txhim kho kev tswj hwm ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm lub teeb thiab teeb meem, uas tuaj yeem pab tau rau lub hom phiaj theranostic.Qhov kev xaiv ntawm hom thiab qhov loj ntawm cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke / cov khoom siv pom tseeb yog nyob ntawm lub cev, lom lossis tshuaj lom neeg tsis tuaj yeem kuaj pom21,63.
Kev koom ua ke ntawm LOF sojntsuam rau hauv cov koob kho mob qhia rau cov chaw tshwj xeeb hauv lub cev yuav ua rau cov kua dej hauv zos thiab cov ntaub so ntswg biopsies hauv vivo, tso cai rau kev kho mob hauv zos ib txhij, txo cov kev mob tshwm sim thiab ua kom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo.Cov cib fim muaj peev xwm suav nrog kev tshawb pom ntawm ntau yam biomolecules circulating, nrog rau mob qog noj ntshav.biomarkers lossis microRNAs (miRNAs)67, kev txheeb xyuas cov qog nqaij hlav qog noj ntshav uas siv cov kab thiab tsis-linear spectroscopy xws li Raman spectroscopy (SERS)31, high-resolution photoacoustic imaging22,28,68, laser phais thiab ablation69, thiab cov tshuaj xa hauv zos siv lub teeb 27 thiab tsis siv neeg kev taw qhia ntawm koob rau hauv tib neeg lub cev20.Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog sau cia tias txawm hais tias kev siv cov fibers kho qhov muag zam qhov tsis zoo ntawm "classical" txoj hauv kev raws li cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, xws li kev xav tau ntawm kev sib txuas hluav taws xob thiab muaj qhov cuam tshuam ntawm electromagnetic cuam tshuam, qhov no tso cai rau ntau yam LOF sensors ua haujlwm zoo rau hauv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob. qhov system.ib rab koob kho mob.Kev saib xyuas tshwj xeeb yuav tsum tau them rau kev txo qis kev puas tsuaj xws li kev ua qias tuaj, kev cuam tshuam kho qhov muag, kev cuam tshuam ntawm lub cev uas ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam sib txawv ntawm cov haujlwm sib txawv.Txawm li cas los xij, nws tseem muaj tseeb tias ntau lub luag haujlwm tau hais tseg tsis tas yuav ua haujlwm rau tib lub sijhawm.Qhov no ua rau nws muaj peev xwm tsawg kawg txo kev cuam tshuam, yog li txwv qhov tsis zoo ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm txhua qhov kev sojntsuam thiab qhov tseeb ntawm cov txheej txheem.Cov kev txiav txim siab no tso cai rau peb saib lub tswv yim ntawm "kab koob hauv tsev kho mob" ua lub zeem muag yooj yim los tsim lub hauv paus ruaj khov rau tiam tom ntej ntawm cov koob tshuaj kho mob hauv lub neej sciences.
Hais txog daim ntawv thov tshwj xeeb uas tau tham hauv daim ntawv no, nyob rau ntu tom ntej peb yuav txheeb xyuas qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm rab koob kho mob kom ncaj qha ultrasonic nthwv dej rau hauv tib neeg cov ntaub so ntswg siv lawv cov kev nthuav tawm raws nws axis.
Kev nthuav tawm ntawm ultrasonic nthwv dej los ntawm rab koob kho mob uas muaj dej thiab muab tso rau hauv cov ntaub so ntswg (saib daim duab hauv daim duab 5a) tau ua qauv siv cov khoom lag luam Comsol Multiphysics software raws li finite element method (FEM)70, qhov twg cov koob thiab cov ntaub so ntswg raug qauv. raws li linear elastic ib puag ncig.
Xa mus rau daim duab 5b, koob yog ua qauv raws li lub tog raj kheej hollow (tseem hu ua "cannula") ua los ntawm cov hlau tsis muaj steel, cov khoom siv rau kev kho mob koob71.Tshwj xeeb, nws tau ua qauv nrog Young's modulus E = 205 GPa, Poisson tus piv ν = 0.28, thiab qhov ceev ρ = 7850 kg m −372.73.Geometrically, lub koob yog qhov ntev L, ib txoj kab uas hla D (tseem hu ua "clearance") thiab phab ntsa thickness t.Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov ntxeev ntawm rab koob yog suav tias yog inclined ntawm lub kaum sab xis α nrog rau kev coj ua ntev (z).Lub ntim ntawm cov dej yeej tseem ceeb sib haum mus rau cov duab ntawm lub puab cheeb tsam ntawm lub koob.Hauv qhov kev ntsuam xyuas ua ntej no, rab koob tau xav tias yuav tsum tau muab tso rau hauv ib cheeb tsam ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg (xav tias yuav txuas ntxiv mus tsis kawg), ua qauv raws li lub vojvoog ntawm lub vojvoog rs, uas tseem nyob tas li ntawm 85 hli thaum lub sijhawm simulations.Hauv kev nthuav dav ntxiv, peb ua tiav cov cheeb tsam kheej kheej nrog cov txheej txheem zoo kawg nkaus (PML), uas tsawg kawg txo cov nthwv dej tsis xav tau cuam tshuam los ntawm "kev xav" ciam teb.Tom qab ntawd peb xaiv lub vojvoog rs thiaj li tso lub voj voos kheej kheej ciam teb kom deb ntawm rab koob kom tsis txhob cuam tshuam cov kev daws teeb meem, thiab me me kom tsis txhob cuam tshuam cov nqi ntawm kev simulation.
Ib qho kev sib haum xeeb longitudinal hloov ntawm zaus f thiab amplitude A yog siv rau hauv qis ciam teb ntawm lub stylus geometry;Qhov teeb meem no sawv cev rau ib qho kev txhawb zog uas siv rau lub simulated geometry.Ntawm qhov seem seem ntawm rab koob (nyob rau hauv kev sib cuag nrog cov ntaub so ntswg thiab dej), tus qauv txais yuav suav nrog kev sib raug zoo ntawm ob lub cev tshwm sim, ib qho cuam tshuam nrog cov txheej txheem mechanics (rau thaj tsam ntawm rab koob), thiab lwm yam rau structural mechanics.(rau thaj tsam acicular), yog li cov xwm txheej sib raug raug yuam rau hauv acoustics (rau dej thiab thaj av acicular) 74.Tshwj xeeb, me me vibrations siv rau lub rooj zaum koob ua rau me me voltage perturbations;Yog li, piv txwv tias rab koob coj zoo li qhov nruab nrab elastic, qhov hloov pauv vector U tuaj yeem kwv yees los ntawm elastodynamic equilibrium equation (Navier)75.Cov qauv oscillations ntawm rab koob ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv hauv cov dej siab hauv nws (xav tias yuav tsum nyob twj ywm hauv peb cov qauv), vim tias cov suab tsis tau nthuav tawm nyob rau hauv txoj kab ntev ntawm rab koob, qhov tseem ceeb ua raws li Helmholtz kab zauv76.Thaum kawg, xav tias cov teebmeem tsis zoo hauv cov ntaub so ntswg yog qhov tsis txaus ntseeg thiab qhov amplitude ntawm shear waves yog me dua qhov amplitude ntawm lub siab nthwv dej, Helmholtz equation kuj siv tau los ua qauv kev nthuav tawm ntawm acoustic nthwv dej hauv cov ntaub so ntswg.Tom qab qhov kwv yees li no, cov ntaub so ntswg raug suav tias yog kua 77 nrog qhov ceev ntawm 1000 kg / m3 thiab lub suab nrawm ntawm 1540 m / s (tsis quav ntsej qhov cuam tshuam ntawm qhov cuam tshuam ntawm qhov cuam tshuam).Txhawm rau txuas ob lub cev no, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los xyuas kom meej qhov kev sib txuas ntawm ib txwm txav ntawm tus ciam teb ntawm cov khoom thiab cov kua dej, qhov sib npaug zoo li qub ntawm lub siab thiab kev ntxhov siab perpendicular mus rau thaj tsam ntawm cov khoom, thiab tangential kev nyuaj siab ntawm tus ciam teb ntawm cov khoom. kua yuav tsum sib npaug zos rau xoom.75.
Hauv peb qhov kev tshuaj xyuas, peb tshawb xyuas qhov kev nthuav tawm ntawm cov suab nrov tsis raws ib rab koob nyob rau hauv qhov chaw nyob ruaj khov, tsom mus rau kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov duab ntawm cov koob ntawm kev tawm ntawm cov nthwv dej hauv cov ntaub so ntswg.Tshwj xeeb, peb tau tshawb xyuas qhov cuam tshuam ntawm sab hauv txoj kab uas hla ntawm rab koob D, qhov ntev L thiab lub kaum sab xis α, ua kom lub thickness t ruaj ntawm 500 µm rau txhua qhov kev kawm.Qhov no tus nqi ntawm t yog ze rau tus qauv txheem phab ntsa thickness 71 rau coj mus muag koob.
Yog tias tsis muaj qhov dav dav, qhov zaus f ntawm kev sib haum xeeb hloov mus rau lub hauv paus ntawm rab koob tau muab sib npaug rau 100 kHz, thiab qhov amplitude A yog 1 μm.Tshwj xeeb, qhov zaus tau teeb tsa rau 100 kHz, uas yog raws li qhov kev ntsuas ntsuas tau muab rau hauv ntu "Kev tsom xam ntawm cov qog nqaij hlav loj los kwv yees kev loj hlob-nyob ntawm ultrasound zaus", qhov twg tus cwj pwm zoo li resonance ntawm cov qog nqaij hlav tau pom nyob rau hauv Qhov ntau zaus ntawm 50-400 kHz, nrog qhov loj tshaj plaws tawg amplitude concentrated ntawm qis zaus nyob ib ncig ntawm 100-200 kHz (saib daim duab 2).
Thawj qhov ntsuas tau kawm yog lub taub sab hauv D ntawm rab koob.Rau kev yooj yim, nws txhais tau tias yog ib feem ntawm cov acoustic yoj ntev nyob rau hauv kab noj hniav ntawm rab koob (piv txwv li, hauv dej λW = 1.5 mm).Tseeb tiag, qhov tshwm sim ntawm nthwv dej propagation nyob rau hauv cov khoom siv los ntawm ib tug muab geometry (piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv ib tug waveguide) feem ntau nyob ntawm seb tus yam ntxwv loj ntawm lub geometry siv nyob rau hauv sib piv nrog rau lub wavelength ntawm propagating yoj.Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, nyob rau hauv thawj zaug tsom xam, nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav ua tau zoo dua hais txog cov nyhuv ntawm txoj kab uas hla D nyob rau hauv propagation ntawm lub acoustic yoj los ntawm lub koob, peb txiav txim siab lub tiaj tiaj, teem lub kaum sab xis α = 90 °.Thaum lub sij hawm ntsuam xyuas no, lub koob ntev L tau kho ntawm 70 mm.
Ntawm daim duab.6a qhia qhov nruab nrab lub suab siv raws li kev ua haujlwm ntawm qhov tsis muaj qhov ntsuas qhov ntsuas SD, piv txwv li D = λW / SD ntsuas nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig nrog lub vojvoog ntawm 10 mm nyob rau ntawm qhov sib thooj koob.Qhov ntsuas qhov ntsuas SD hloov ntawm 2 mus rau 6, piv txwv li peb xav txog D qhov tseem ceeb ntawm 7.5 hli mus rau 2.5 hli (ntawm f = 100 kHz).Qhov ntau kuj suav nrog tus qauv tus nqi ntawm 71 rau stainless hlau koob kho mob.Raws li qhov xav tau, lub puab txoj kab uas hla ntawm rab koob cuam tshuam qhov kev siv ntawm lub suab tawm los ntawm rab koob, nrog tus nqi siab tshaj plaws (1030 W / m2) sib haum rau D = λW / 3 (xws li D = 5 mm) thiab kev sib tw nrog kev txo qis. txoj kab uas hla.Nws yuav tsum raug coj mus rau hauv tus account tias txoj kab uas hla D yog qhov ntsuas geometric uas tseem cuam tshuam rau kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov cuab yeej kho mob, yog li qhov tseem ceeb no tsis tuaj yeem tsis quav ntsej thaum xaiv tus nqi zoo.Yog li ntawd, txawm hais tias qhov txo qis hauv D tshwm sim vim qhov qis dua ntawm kev sib kis ntawm acoustic siv hauv cov ntaub so ntswg, rau cov kev tshawb fawb hauv qab no, txoj kab uas hla D = λW / 5, piv txwv li D = 3 hli (raws li 11G71 tus qauv ntawm f = 100 kHz) , yog suav hais tias yog ib qho kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov cuab yeej intrusiveness thiab suab sib kis (nruab nrab txog 450 W / m2).
Qhov nruab nrab siv ntawm lub suab tawm los ntawm qhov kawg ntawm rab koob (xav tias tiaj tus), nyob ntawm qhov ntev ntawm lub koob (a), ntev (b) thiab bevel kaum sab xis α (c).Qhov ntev hauv (a, c) yog 90 hli, thiab txoj kab uas hla hauv (b, c) yog 3 hli.
Cov kev ntsuas tom ntej no yuav tsum tau soj ntsuam yog qhov ntev ntawm rab koob L. Raws li qhov kev tshawb fawb dhau los, peb xav txog lub kaum sab xis oblique α = 90 ° thiab qhov ntev yog ntsuas raws li qhov ntau ntawm cov wavelength hauv dej, piv txwv li xav txog L = SL λW. .Lub dimensionless scale parameter SL hloov los ntawm 3 los ntawm 7, yog li kwv yees qhov nruab nrab siv ntawm lub suab emitted los ntawm lub ntsis ntawm rab koob nyob rau hauv qhov ntev ntawm 4.5 mus rau 10.5 hli.Qhov ntau yam no suav nrog cov txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev lag luam koob.Cov txiaj ntsig tau pom hauv daim duab.6b, qhia tias qhov ntev ntawm rab koob, L, muaj kev cuam tshuam zoo rau kev sib kis ntawm lub suab siv hauv cov ntaub so ntswg.Tshwj xeeb, qhov kev ua kom zoo ntawm qhov ntsuas no ua rau nws tuaj yeem txhim kho kev sib kis tau los ntawm qhov kev txiav txim ntawm qhov loj.Qhov tseeb, nyob rau hauv qhov kev soj ntsuam ntev, qhov nruab nrab lub suab siv nyob rau hauv lub zos siab tshaj plaws ntawm 3116 W / m2 ntawm SL = 4 (ie, L = 60 mm), thiab lwm yam sib raug rau SL = 6 (ie, L = 90). mm).
Tom qab txheeb xyuas qhov cuam tshuam ntawm txoj kab uas hla thiab qhov ntev ntawm rab koob ntawm kev nthuav tawm ntawm ultrasound hauv cylindrical geometry, peb tsom mus rau kev cuam tshuam ntawm lub kaum sab xis ntawm kev sib kis ntawm lub suab siv hauv cov ntaub so ntswg.Qhov nruab nrab siv ntawm lub suab emanating los ntawm cov lus qhia fiber ntau tau soj ntsuam raws li kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub kaum sab xis α, hloov nws cov nqi los ntawm 10 ° (ntse taub) mus rau 90 ° (pav ca).Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lub vojvoog ntawm lub integrating kheej kheej nyob ib ncig ntawm lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub koob yog 20 hli, yog li ntawd rau tag nrho cov nqi ntawm α, lub taub ntawm rab koob tau muab tso rau hauv lub ntim xam los ntawm qhov nruab nrab.
Raws li qhia hauv daim duab.6c, thaum lub taub hau yog sharpened, piv txwv li, thaum α txo los ntawm 90 °, qhov kev siv ntawm lub suab kis tau nce, ncav cuag tus nqi siab tshaj ntawm 1.5 × 105 W / m2, uas sib haum rau α = 50 °, ieie, 2 yog qhov kev txiav txim ntawm qhov loj dua qhov txheeb ze rau lub xeev tiaj tus.Nrog rau kev ua kom lub ntsej muag ntxiv (piv txwv li, ntawm α hauv qab 50 °), lub suab siv zog yuav txo qis, ncav cuag qhov tseem ceeb piv rau lub taub hau.Txawm li cas los xij, txawm hais tias peb xav txog ntau yam ntawm cov kaum sab xis rau peb qhov kev sim, nws tsim nyog xav tias kev ua kom lub ntsej muag yog qhov tsim nyog los pab txhawb kev ntxig ntawm rab koob rau hauv cov ntaub so ntswg.Qhov tseeb, lub kaum sab xis me me (li 10 °) tuaj yeem txo qhov quab yuam 78 uas yuav tsum tau nkag mus rau cov ntaub so ntswg.
Ntxiv rau qhov muaj nuj nqis ntawm lub suab siv zog xa mus rau hauv cov ntaub so ntswg, lub kaum sab xis kuj tseem cuam tshuam cov kev taw qhia ntawm yoj propagation, raws li qhia nyob rau hauv lub suab siab theem graphs qhia nyob rau hauv daim duab 7a (rau lub tiaj tiaj) thiab 3b (rau 10 °. ).beveled tip), parallel Lub longitudinal kev taw qhia yog ntsuas nyob rau hauv lub dav hlau ntawm symmetry (yz, cf. Fig. 5).Ntawm qhov siab tshaj ntawm ob qhov kev xav no, lub suab siab siab (hu ua 1 µPa) feem ntau yog nyob rau hauv lub koob kab noj hniav (xws li hauv dej) thiab tawg mus rau hauv cov ntaub so ntswg.Hauv kev nthuav dav ntxiv, nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub tiaj tiaj (Fig. 7a), qhov kev faib tawm ntawm lub suab siab theem yog zoo kawg nkaus symmetrical nrog rau cov kev taw qhia longitudinal, thiab sawv nthwv dej tuaj yeem paub qhov txawv ntawm cov dej puv lub cev.Lub nthwv dej yog oriented longitudinally (z-axis), lub amplitude ncav cuag nws qhov siab tshaj plaws tus nqi hauv dej (kwv yees 240 dB) thiab txo qis transversely, uas ua rau kom muaj qhov attenuation ntawm li 20 dB ntawm qhov deb ntawm 10 mm ntawm qhov chaw ntawm rab koob.Raws li qhov xav tau, qhov kev taw qhia ntawm qhov taw qhia taw qhia (Daim duab 7b) rhuav tshem qhov kev sib txuam no, thiab cov antinodes ntawm cov sawv nthwv dej "deflect" raws li qhov kawg ntawm rab koob.Pom tau tias, qhov asymmetry no cuam tshuam rau kev siv hluav taws xob ntawm rab koob, raws li tau piav qhia ua ntej (Daim duab 6c).Txhawm rau kom nkag siab zoo dua qhov no, qhov kev siv acoustic tau soj ntsuam raws txoj kab txiav orthogonal mus rau txoj kab ntev ntawm lub koob, uas nyob rau hauv lub dav hlau ntawm symmetry ntawm rab koob thiab nyob ntawm qhov deb ntawm 10 hli los ntawm qhov kawg ntawm rab koob ( tshwm sim hauv daim duab 7c).Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog, kev siv lub suab sib faib ntsuas ntawm 10 °, 20 ° thiab 30 ° oblique cov ces kaum (xiav, liab thiab ntsuab cov kab, ntsig txog) tau muab piv rau kev faib khoom ze ntawm qhov kawg (dub dotted curves).Qhov kev siv zog faib cuam tshuam nrog cov koob tiaj tiaj zoo nkaus li zoo sib xws ntawm qhov nruab nrab ntawm rab koob.Tshwj xeeb, nws yuav siv li ntawm 1420 W / m2 ntawm qhov chaw, qhov dej ntws tawm ntawm 300 W / m2 ntawm qhov deb ntawm ~ 8 hli, thiab tom qab ntawd txo qis rau tus nqi ntawm 170 W / m2 ntawm ~ 30 mm. .Raws li cov lus taw qhia, lub hauv paus lobe faib ua ntau lub lobes ntawm qhov sib txawv.Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog, thaum α yog 30 °, peb lub paj tuaj yeem pom meej meej hauv qhov profile ntsuas ntawm 1 hli los ntawm qhov kawg ntawm rab koob.Lub hauv paus yog yuav luag nyob hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub koob thiab muaj kwv yees tus nqi ntawm 1850 W / m2, thiab qhov siab dua ntawm sab xis yog li 19 hli los ntawm qhov chaw thiab nce mus txog 2625 W / m2.Ntawm α = 20 °, muaj 2 lub ntsiab lobes: ib qho rau −12 hli ntawm 1785 W / m2 thiab ib qho rau 14 hli ntawm 1524 W / m2.Thaum lub taub hau ua sharper thiab lub kaum sab xis ncav cuag 10 °, qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm 817 W / m2 yog mus txog ntawm -20 mm, thiab peb lobes ntawm me ntsis siv zog yog pom nyob rau hauv lub profile.
Lub suab siab nyob rau hauv lub dav hlau ntawm symmetry y-z ntawm ib rab koob nrog lub tiaj tiaj (a) thiab 10 ° bevel (b).(c) Acoustic siv zog faib kwv yees raws li ib tug txiav kab perpendicular mus rau lub longitudinal kev taw qhia ntawm lub koob, ntawm ib tug deb ntawm 10 mm los ntawm lub ntsis ntawm rab koob thiab dag nyob rau hauv lub dav hlau ntawm symmetry yz.Qhov ntev L yog 70 hli thiab txoj kab uas hla D yog 3 hli.
Ua ke, cov txiaj ntsig no qhia tau tias cov koob kho mob tuaj yeem siv tau zoo los xa cov ultrasound ntawm 100 kHz rau hauv cov ntaub so ntswg.Qhov kev siv ntawm lub suab tawm yog nyob ntawm qhov geometry ntawm rab koob thiab tuaj yeem ua kom zoo (raws li cov kev txwv los ntawm kev cuam tshuam ntawm qhov kawg ntaus ntawv) mus txog qhov muaj nuj nqis hauv thaj tsam ntawm 1000 W / m2 (ntawm 10 mm).thov mus rau hauv qab ntawm rab koob 1. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm ib tug micrometer offset, lub koob yog suav hais tias yuav tsum tau muab tso rau hauv lub infinitely expanding cov ntaub so ntswg.Hauv particular, lub bevel lub kaum sab xis cuam tshuam rau kev siv thiab kev taw qhia ntawm propagation ntawm suab tsis nyob rau hauv cov ntaub so ntswg, uas feem ntau ua rau lub orthogonality ntawm kev txiav ntawm rab koob.
Txhawm rau txhawb txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov tswv yim kho mob tshiab raws li kev siv cov txheej txheem kho mob uas tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam, kev nthuav tawm ntawm ultrasound tsawg zaus hauv cov qog ib puag ncig tau txheeb xyuas thiab suav nrog.Tshwj xeeb, nyob rau hauv thawj feem ntawm txoj kev tshawb no, ib tug ib ntus elastodynamic tov tso cai rau peb mus kawm lub scattering ntawm ultrasonic tsis nyob rau hauv cov ntaub so ntswg spheroids paub qhov luaj li cas thiab txhav nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav kawm lub zaus rhiab heev ntawm cov loj.Tom qab ntawd, ntau zaus ntawm qhov kev txiav txim ntawm ntau pua kilohertz raug xaiv, thiab cov ntawv thov hauv zos ntawm kev vibration kev ntxhov siab hauv cov qog ib puag ncig siv lub koob kho mob tau ua qauv hauv cov lej simulation los ntawm kev kawm txog kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov qauv tsim tseem ceeb uas txiav txim siab hloov ntawm lub suab nrov. lub zog ntawm cov cuab yeej rau ib puag ncig.Cov txiaj ntsig tau pom tias cov koob kho mob tuaj yeem siv tau zoo rau irradiate cov ntaub so ntswg nrog ultrasound, thiab nws qhov kev siv zog yog ze rau qhov ntsuas geometrical ntawm rab koob, hu ua kev ua haujlwm acoustic wavelength.Qhov tseeb, qhov kev siv ntawm irradiation los ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg nce nrog nce nyob rau hauv txoj kab uas hla ntawm lub koob, ncav cuag ib tug siab tshaj plaws thaum lub cheeb yog peb zaug lub wavelength.Qhov ntev ntawm rab koob kuj muab qee qhov kev ywj pheej los ua kom pom qhov raug.Cov txiaj ntsig tom kawg yog qhov tseeb tshaj plaws thaum lub koob ntev yog teem rau qee qhov ntau ntawm kev ua haujlwm wavelength (tshwj xeeb yog 4 thiab 6).Interestingly, rau qhov ntau zaus ntawm kev txaus siab, qhov optimized txoj kab uas hla thiab ntev qhov tseem ceeb nyob ze rau cov feem ntau siv rau cov qauv coj mus muag koob.Lub kaum sab xis, uas txiav txim siab qhov ntse ntawm rab koob, kuj cuam tshuam rau emissivity, peaking ntawm li 50 ° thiab muab kev ua tau zoo ntawm txog 10 °, uas yog feem ntau siv rau kev lag luam koob..Simulation cov txiaj ntsig yuav raug siv los coj kev siv thiab kev ua kom zoo ntawm tsev kho mob intraneedle diagnostic platform, integrating diagnostic and therapeutic ultrasound with other in-device therapeutic solutions and realizing collaborative precision medicine interventions.
Koenig IR, Fuchs O, Hansen G, von Mutius E. thiab Kopp MV Dab tsi yog cov tshuaj precision?Eur, txawv teb chaws.Phau ntawv Journal 50, 1700391 (2017).
Collins, FS thiab Varmus, H. Kev pib tshiab hauv cov tshuaj precision.N. ib.J. Tshuaj.372, 793–795 (2015).
Hsu, W., Markey, MK, Wang, MD.Biomedical Imaging Informatics nyob rau hauv Precision Tshuaj Era: Kev Ua tiav, Kev Sib Tw, thiab Lub Sijhawm.Jam.tshuaj kho mob.qhia.Assistant xibfwb.20(6), 1010–1013 (2013).
Garraway, LA, Verweij, J. & Ballman, KV Precision oncology: kev tshuaj xyuas.J. Clinical.Oncol.31, 1803–1805 (2013).
Wiwatchaitawee, K., Quarterman, J., Geary, S., thiab Salem, A. Kev txhim kho hauv kev kho mob glioblastoma (GBM) siv lub tshuab xa khoom nanoparticle.AAPS PharmSciTech 22, 71 (2021).
Aldape K, Zadeh G, Mansouri S, Reifenberger G thiab von Daimling A. Glioblastoma: pathology, molecular mechanisms thiab cov cim.Acta Neuropathology.129(6), 829–848 (2015).
Bush, NAO, Chang, SM thiab Berger, MS Tam sim no thiab yav tom ntej cov tswv yim rau kev kho mob ntawm glioma.neurosurgery.Ed.40, 1–14 (2017).